CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE

After harvest most farmers come and we burn all the family while we are in the booth we are killing the soil. We have some sauce. You need more trees back here for the entire soil like this to make the lines, and you know that just look this way it just does the point I don't dig anymore. 

Due to local climatic conditions and soil preparation methods, the hard soil layer has developed, and at the end of the dry season, the farmers set fire to the fire to prepare for the next agricultural season without weeding. And leftover plants can also apply organic matter that does not have leaves or shrubs that wipe out when the land is cleared and provide new nutrients. Farmers often plow or build heaps or pull downs. There are no roots to do and no soil shade available. With no protection against severe weather conditions, the heat can destroy many living organisms in the tropical rain and threaten the roots of the laundry and reach the organic matter and the rest of the nutrients. 

Compress the soil down to create a hard layer of loosening the soil at once, and the hard pan is so compressed that the root of the tree cannot be submerged under the water but escapes through the hair follicles, leaving the sole of the upper layer of fada roots and plant nutrients. Lasts long enough, the soul loses fertility and the head turns into a desert land Go is not a separate case and is dependent on the traditional area of ​​the southern desert of the Sahara now traditional cultures across Africa, which is available for cultivation and growing of the world's population. Another approach to agriculture is urgently needed to stop this momentum and maintain the soil fertility fast ” Look at your crop cell and tell them what they want to grow. Patrick works for the Conservation Agriculture Center, an organization that operates on the principles of conservation agriculture, moving away from traditional farming practices. In Australia, the decision to maintain a permanent crop and subsequently reduce crop diversity is a complex set of methods that will work for the conservation area, guided by all three rules, to reduce soil disturbance and cover three practiced crop diversity. The first element is the letters '30 step mother' nag as we clean We do not try and keep as much as possible not to use this just is not anyone in deep folds in the ground, and we try to mimic what happens in the base of the third way is the way to build your sake. We will extend this plowed land so that it has been ordered to apply, and the middle class is acting as a protection plot. We do not work where we put a lot of surface and burn and the bandits struggle so you call it slash and burn plot. It's been here for a couple of years and it's right here. 'As the rain falls, the damage is too much. We are filling it up with the east wind, as if to show the burning water quickly, we move some particles under that protection act. And sometimes I see that even when the water is coming, you are maintaining the soil and even when it is raining, they are equally saying, who can take account of why there is not enough nutrients in the water? As the rain falls, the losses are much larger. We have filled it with the east wind, as if to show burning water quickly, we move some particles under that protection act. And sometimes I see that even when the water is coming, you are maintaining the soil and even when it is raining, they are equally saying, who can take account of why there is not enough nutrients in the water? As the rain falls, the losses are much greater. We have filled it with the east wind, as if to show burning water quickly, we move some particles under that protection act. And sometimes I see that even when the water is coming, you are maintaining the soil and even when it is raining, they are equally saying, 'Who can account for why there is not enough nutrients in the water? 'Soil and plowing and plowing in soil reduces soil degradation capacity and in soil covered by weeds, there is no soil moisture and there is no better burning or plowing than sunlight. 

For the soil but we have a small field shea wall and we never meet in the hills, it is planted directly on the rail and this tuber is growing more than where it was planted in the mouth. Mountain we dig and plant weapons and I ' The fact that I'm even using my hand to bring a stretcher means that it is very possible to do underground farming without soil, and there is a similarity to non-mountainous mountain slopes, but it is not necessary to do so from healthy soil. Its tree is seen growing cabbage carrots so when Allah does not take damage I am happy to apply the principles of conservation agriculture when I see the practice of quotation protection of these commodities Patrick and his co-workers created a small garden of Eden. The perfect soil enables the growth of beautiful crops without the use of excessive chemical fertilizers in the first year, we use lettuce salad. ) Can apply for kale because we can make fertilizer Not because we have already added so much organic matter to the soil even if we need skin. 

If you are applying, reduce the amount if you are using fibers of unpicking fillets on conversion uploads - starting at two farms in a place like Dogo for conservation is not the best thing that needs to be broken. Heartbeat is a very hard task because of a motorized respest, if one has an area that is plowing for a long time, and as a result of the experience in this hot pan, 'Fidel used the Fidel Ripper to create this field for field farming and after the fado on top of the soil. The lower part is enough to cut the slices. The seeds of his crop were planted in straight lines along these straight lines and cut into heart leaves. He was sure that his crops could reach the nutrients in the soil below Arpa,

 Bum Boulevardier Mui Allah Cotton Sarviguana Anisol Hsienayu This is true Ah how you want to be first but hey I'm here to tell you that if you rotate your soil every year and every year you tell your soil you are doing better than normal conditions. When you are plowing, you can make that space very fluffy mm. Hm My promise is to make it, and then instead of slipping on you or the entire floor, experience the many battles of the soil deciding what you are doing when the day you experience a lot of danger in the plot p because the soil is loose and the rain falls and the water comes to the soil and I'm looking at plot R. 

Those are just lines. You've got to show you a seat, and it gets worse when I have a rain myself - the soil should be so much better than the plot that one should take back some of the information from the first theory. You have a few seconds to ask yourself what damage the soil will rotate or plow before you fit it The soil can easily be damaged by rain before responding without structure. The name of this upper soil layer, which is formed by deep plowing, is called a hot pan, which prevents the growth of plant roots and must be broken once the topsoil is regenerated. What type of soil fertility is required what What kind of motor can be used for this job The answer is that Ripachi tines break hot pan 

The effect of rainfall on unsafe soil causes further damage and erosion. There are two strategies for creating soil crust crops and residues where the sun's rays prevent the soil from entering at a moderate temperature and protects the surface of the soil from moisture. Cover residue cover Not just any organic matter you have left over 'Eat or sell ground or cells for example can be used to protect newly planted meat after harvest Another effective way to create a remnant is by farming male stocks where farmers are working on larger exercises. Fall can do the same exercise. When a stock is standing, be done with a ruler's crimper, Not enough sheets are covered to cover the soil, and when you make this happen and you bring it down, we're going to get enough sheets to cover the remaining soil with good protection issues. You can hardly depend on how much residue it will disintegrate for the benefit of your soil during the growing season. 'It is good to restrict the movement of your animals otherwise they will devour your soil armor. We have two types of cover residue and we also have an armor crop which is commonly used as cover cover which are the plants we have established.

 The specific purpose for improving soil fertility is whether you plant it directly during your main crop or individually cover the cover crop in your main crop, which is another way to interact with the main crop and cover crop and to support each other. Stripe planting You should cover the cover crop in different stripes in your main crop plot by moving the strip during the harvest season. You allow them to do their plot a little bit. It is not always good for your soul to re-plant the same crop again. Used efficiently Will be for the main crop and cover crops have different preferences by removing the second crop pests and diseases in your crops stroke is the main way in helping to attack a specific crop. Plant your maize for one season and another crop there. Diseases and Diseases of Other Pests Special diets should be taken. The maize is staffed by it, and next season you can bring your mattress back, which if you have lines, will enjoy press free and fertile soil. 

I've picked this one up so you can ruin my life by cropping up a very fast growing cover. You can see that there are lots of organic TVs out there. 'This is such a leaf that our Sheldon is going to add nutrients to the soil. I can also dig my hands and you can see the crumbs and the life. Everything is there. If you plant the same crop on one piece, the land will absorb the same nutrients in the same area for many years. Sometimes it is better to change different graphs to diversify the soil system and later It is also capable of controlling pests like those pests if you copy over the year. There is no need for that simple italic copy because we always want to diversify by trying to rotate the crop from the same place every year to make the plants very fit and healthy. 

'The main crop in the main grain family, like rice wheat sorghum and sorghum crop, belongs to the family of maize and the main crop is like the family of maize grain. Take a look at some of the most popular armor of these crops. All the beans and lentils of all types of beans or lentils of all sorts of plants help the family to grow and therefore, good shells like gumu have the ability to resolve nitrogen, and making nitrogen available for cereal plants is an important thing. Nourishing nutrients for plants of all plants that do not have enough nitrogen in the soil cycle will provide very slow fruit trees like grass, and an interesting strategy for solving this problem is that attractive algae nutrients get nitrogen from the first soil bacteria. The algae binds the bacteria in the house for bacteria and begins to take nitrogen from the air inside the soil, converting it into a usable algae and feeding it to the host. Bacteria from neighboring grain plants receive this nitrogen from the root and fennel, and because of this complex exchange between soil bacteria and algae, farmers get a lot of money instead of buying chemical fertilizers. At the roots of the algae plant, we find that the nodules that are created for the small bacteria, if you open the nodules, you can check if the bacteria are acting as red as the bacteria are actively fixing the nitrogen. Inside the bladder is white ' 

At the same time, it is important to put oxygen together to keep the soil together which does not increase the fertility of the soil. Otherwise, after the carnival is established, the roots act as a form of weed control which makes it very difficult for one to wish. Hold anywhere, deep droplets are a sequence of nutrient pumps that reach the soil layer just below the corn range, and when the plant returns to the soil layer, nutrients are reduced and corn can be taken. They have cotton. Adorable is pretty like a plant that attracts a lot of pollen and if you see the yellow color there, they should be attracted to the Catalunya John SIA. Looks like a thin decking area, Construct a root system similar to Kanse Valia John SIA The John SIA will always look at which fibrous root combination and then the upper root let me move it now because if I had brought someone who was' really able to hold so much soil even when I left one One might ask that the type of food eaten can go as deep as possible and that the nutritious sounds It's out. That is, the roots will go deeper and bring out the leaves. The list will then come to the surface and then it will decompose and through your corn will benefit from that particular nutrient that provides a total of two types of area valuable. Disease worms are a major threat to tomatoes, especially for vegetable crops. 

Creates Chemical Protected Zones that Animals Cannot Survive If enough organic matter is supplied from your hotel area or any other cover crop, even the soil can go for resistance-attack enough biomass attracts a person who has traps for UM, virtually in short form. The fall Once the nematode enters the humid trap of the fungus and swallows an insect forming an additional insect for your soil, it is cream hakuna, it is the best cover crop when it comes to weed control, and so you can see the weeds do not even see the grapes that you bring down. Brings everything ' You can wear Tea Cream Hakkuna in maize when men probably do a hoodie for a week, you can bring it all down using a device or rope. Now look at this page and we have a different type of bush area, regardless of what's happening next. If you plan to miss this bush on the day you plan to miss it and You are planting because it does not mount and I do not have a device that is safe now. If you want to discuss the benefits of each of them, then it is better if you mix everything together with the idea of ​​permanent soil protection with different cover crops. Is. The workshop has all been practiced instead of just sowing in loose and loose soil. If you want to discuss the benefits of all that is not a T device, now is safe, so be good when you mix everything together with the idea of ​​permanent soil protection with different cover crops. The workshop has all been practiced instead of just sowing in loose and loose soil. If you want to discuss the benefits of all that is not a T device, now is safe, so be good when you combine everything with the idea of ​​permanent soil protection with different cover crops. The workshop has all been practiced instead of just sowing in loose and loose soil. 

How this is done in consideration of planting in soil covered by crops and tree residues Most of the time, farmers often leave empty waste in clean fields. In case of MIG burns or rich but before conservation, in our case we have planned to relay to the sun and we want to get the plant into the soil and therefore all the waste around us is oh so we need to cover the storm so that we can get more organic material in the soil seeds. Like a job plant Adhananni will be easy to exercise so that we can put on a red leather organic. The chamber and then we stop the other chamber for fear of stopping and it is at Macy's everyone's time that we are forcing the bottom we are closed to the open ground. Again, a good planter you should not forget about ready this is a motorized version called direct plant preparation, because the seeds from the soil cover make the seedlings fall into the line of seedlings. Let the ground serve as a cover and then decompose to decompose graduates and use more material for you, so at that time take back some information about elements two and three and cover the soil and practice crop variations Different ways to create soil cover You can use residual cover. And take cover crops The second question is which of these pods and which series is maize Here is a series and copy as a pod, so what are the benefits of plants and algae and the series together.

 T shifted or they do not work Next question What are the benefits of following crop rotation Crop rotation helps the soil nutrients to be used more efficiently and the next question to break the life cycle of pets and diseases is to try to cover the names of each of the cover crops. See Hilarious Specificities Earrings Yes Which of these Total area helps to control ya nematodes spektabolisa aggressive provide better protection for the sick or s yam from the farm because we have dedicated restructuring your life savanna tree of a mongoose, a forester who James at the back of the trees must be more you are very close to the desert, they have high doctor ' Already free, which can revitalize the Italian soil tree and apply the same rules for soil as the overcrowded crops only provide very large and strong deciduous branches and leaves organic matter. Species of certain plants can also fix nitrogen, cope with some extreme extreme weather conditions. The crop on any conservation is large Heaviness shows the roof to shine again, hoping for moisture to remain in the soil, as well as torrential rains reduce the loss of moderate temperatures in two ways. Strong roots keep the soil together during the voyage when it rains Gregory Kelly is a farmer who has never been trained in conservation farming but over the years he saw for himself that I understood the importance of the tree because I wanted many trees because I wanted to grow ale and then grow fat. There were a lot of trees left in the fields that I hadn't and they kept the trees The leaves start to cut the branches off, putting the breaks at the beginning of the side branches. 

They then produce an organic matter and then mix it with the organic matter and improve the soil fertility. Conservation Farming We tell the farmers that if we want to leave the trees on our fields or plant new ones, we want to plant some trees and plant the crop as much as they want, so that we do not have to plant them and cut down all the trees, the question is more space for planting. Say it is a simple way to leave without leaving or where to put them To protect your farm from wind, build a shelter belt around your field and prevent animals from going the other way. Eli Cropping is called to benefit your crops The specialty of the plants you planted in the alley equipment you planted during Don Ellis, and this is the listener's plan to my left The best nitrogen fixtures of all the plant crops growing in the alley of the Lucena Tree Lucena tree have the benefit of free nitrogen free nitrous. On the other side of the pile and the third, we see another companion, and another powerful nitrogen fixer called the Gorilla Celia Glu Acadia grass field is a peanut plant and we also cut one and the other four and so we want to compare and which of these crops is so much. The two things that you should look for are the nutrients they provide As we can see, they grow, they are measurable different tree species, and they have their own Its benefits provide some fruit. Some are good for construction, some give medicines, some are very good at fixing nitrogen. Try to find out which plants around me really benefit from my field work. When you find out about those trees, you've already gone to your farm and see some lending posts. He is one of the leading farmers in the community and he is close to you The conservation benefits of agriculture prepares to show the plot and neighbors harvest is once and for all their desire to stop the farmers slash-burn practices. They will come and burn all the farms so if you bow to farm number one hitting the soil nutrients, you win Caraf some sauce Massimo unmasked meds' ability to extinguish the oil Osman once convinced his community farmers on their own. 'S eyes will see the benefits of conservation farming and they will never want to go back to the traditional practice. I promise you by December, when you get confused again, you will be surprised. I'm telling you that we took him through his talk and that he [music] has made his soil. We follow him throughout the season to check on progress Do. The soil is not very good in a hot pan and does not need to be burst. 

'S I started the rainy season, a Time Force man pulled out the seeds of his main crop after two months in July. We returned to his farm last season. Usman needs to use chemical fertilizers so you'll love these boots for lettuce so that you cover all protected plants by fertilizing the soil to ensure that nutrient rich planets fly or float, but Osman hopes they cover cover wins. Introduction ' t need even chemical fertilizers in the coming season September two months after maize and cover crops are thriving This crop is harvested When the crop is harvested, the crop will provide young men with nutrients for its growth, but when they harvest, they bring extra income but to cover the soil. Purpose is the only temporary settlement of the crop that our instinct is We have a tendency to come here to plant mucuna, Usman was cutting his ass cream with mucuna, he planted aggressive fields in different fields but we waited in his manure. But when the maize is strong enough, the line of maize seedlings Creamy may be introduced during the kunhaca and I will provide efficient and sustainable crop when the soil crust. Demi's Mecca covers the soil waiting for next season Usman implements other varieties of mucuna where the bush mucuna is less invasive, and on the climb Bush Mucuna can be intercropped with maize before the Hanuman If you see the plot here, the cover of the Osman carnival and the cover crop is directly cultivated. He cut straight with the mattress for reasons why he likes it Take 'cover the soil and break the wheat because the lid crop has not started to work on the soil and Ozma sees a positive effect on her ass, which means that I am doing just that. 

'I'm so happy to welcome me back to my phone just in the dry season after October. That is, the intercorped crew, Mukuna, grew up in the Chakravyu just over a month after the cow had left it. Sling advice already begins around mail stocks Hakuna on a different farm has evolved into a thick bush, if you look at Mo Kuna like all the soil, but you see the structure but good block, that means that when you plant the next vizia, you don't want any more here. Wanted to bring fertilizer but already the leaves have dissolved the soil in the soil. Ale has a lot of green and brown and brown oxide mixed crop hidden in the house and it was proved that high, which is a feature. Two months later in the season, the profitable season is in full swing, only almonds are harvested, and now the benefit of the Interpersonal Cream Hakuna is clear that its vine is a mixture of residue crushing on the main base. This layer of thickness in the cover crop will keep the soil alive and healthy throughout the dry season and so we are trying to plant some hats in the area. Their corn is harvested after harvest. The soil brings neutrons to us In the middle of the dry season two months after February, a bushfire attacks the field if you think Everton is a complete bane. ' Their corn is harvested after harvest. The soil brings neutrons to us In the middle of the dry season two months after February, a bushfire attacks the field if you think Everton is a complete bane. ' Their corn is harvested after harvest. The soil brings neutrons to us In the middle of the dry season two months after February, a bushfire attacks the field if you think Everton is a complete bane. '

The fact that this was the water was that Osmani, still frustrated by Sheja's ignorance about the life of the soil and the bullets on the tree, still did not help Ben. As a group of hunters pass by the mud, we talk to you as you enrich your home so you can't get them fast yet so when we see them, the Killum account is still notorious and they are still searching for a rabbit. These men and boys themselves. As a farmer, when we started hitting the soil in the booth where we were, we collected our acreage, and where would we find food to feed ourselves? In all likelihood, the core of the Oz - the ability to effectively protect the cover from demonstration shrubs from its cover crops, I stopped the flames before proceeding to their fields, where the plot is not called, they are still green. You know that the green roof area can thank Carnavale. Most demonstrations in a no firewall The c plot was saved and the almond soil conservation can survive the dry season over the entire Hakkuna area during the dry season. The circle is especially stressful,

 But if the corn crop gets intercropped, you will get the invasive appearance of the tree. Kama Koon Who reminds the rain with the stockings that the mixture provides a soil cover which is used in the two principles of conservation farming used here. The almond adheres to the principle of covering the soil. And by studying the diversity of the three main crop varieties, he takes advantage of different crops to improve his soil and scatters the seeds. Most of his crop was dry due to bushfire erosion and the kale was very green and could prevent the shrub from spreading further, There is no doubt about it. Conservation means living from the old habits Depending go is a big hand. 

Instead of plowing instead of leaving the soil, you should create torn lines and plant directly into the soil filled with residue, and instead of focusing on just one crop, you should embrace the broader crop and plant trees on your field. That is a big change but it is in the voice of every farmer and the fact that the traditional culture was done for many years is no longer a soil problem is a real problem and more and more cultivable land has changed into desert conservation. Keeping your home safe and protecting the soil is fertile so that it can provide food for this, and generations to come do not have to own a big London machine or large area. Conservation farming is on the rise, allowing our crops to save money and to allow themselves to be fertilized and free from input. 

Agriculture and Rural Development 

hello everyone welcome to another session for on the board exam for ERT section and for today's we're going to continue with our soil science and water conservation so for today we're going to talk for where we have left the part 1 and we're going with our fertilizers and it's classification so to understand we need to know what these fertilizers are right so fertilizers can be defined as matter or a material or a substance which can be used to make the soil more fertile and this can be such as manuals or fertilizers of nitrates but it can be organic as well as inorganic it is applied on the soil to plant tissue which can be supplied one or more plant nutrients for the essential rules of the plants right and the menus veneers these are supply they supply plan nutrients in small quantities but they supply the organic matter in larger quantities so an example for this would be your would be fym right so these will give a lesser amount of plant nutrients but this will give you a higher amount of organic matter so as some of the examples of organic matter will be vermicompost vermicompost is a compost that is meat with the help of earthworms right and we have nothing so a menudo known as light soil and night soil these are formed or desired lead from the human excreta can be solid or liquid and these are all about the many years and going to the green manure green manure these are green on the dig and decomposed plan material which are used as manure this green manure can be in situ or at City and Institute these are the green manures or the manures of wheat where the plans these are grown along the main crop and after they after the lifecycle of that green manures over they are leftout there to decompose by itself some of the examples for this institute type of wind manures would be says vania and Sun hem so these two properties make a really good Institute wind manurewhereas in Exeter it's a complete opposite of that so we do not improve the plant or the Queen menus along with them in property instead we will take the plant debris or the plant material or the leaves and the twigs and collect it and put it on main file so some of the examples for this would be your igloo CEDIA a neem female these are some of the examples for these Queen veneer certain terminologies free off that I'm down here are on definitions so when when a plant is deficit then it it means that the concentration of an essential element is low enough to limit yield severely and distinct deficiency symptoms can be shown in the plant or which is which becomes visible right so it can be ranges from 2 less less or moderately slightly moderately deficiency centers and in critical range the nutrient concentration and the plant is below which is in response to add new twin occurs right and this of the critical level or the range vary among plants and nutrients but offers somewhere in a transition between the nutrient and sufficiency so what is this sufficient the sufficient is when the nutrient concentration is sufficient enough or which is perfect enough to for the plant to sustain but we shall not increase the yield all right and the term luxury consumption is often used to describe nutrient absorption by the plant that does not include so and here in successive or toxic when this is when the concentration of essential elements all the minerals these are high enough to reduce the plant world and eat excessive nutrient concentration can also cause an imbalance in the plant and thus reducing a lot at the foot set or the food drop and it can also cause in the physiological disorders of this plant so it is very important to know all this chair speed right so this fertilizers can be classified into six categories right so here we have a straight fertilizers we have complex fertilizers with mixed fertilizers complete fertilizers low analyzes fertilizers and high analogist fertilizers so this sweet fertilizers all the fertilizers where the fertilizers they supply only one major nutrient right an example for this with beet urea right and others and on the other hand complex fertilizers other fertilizers which supply more than soon or well with supply two or more than two major nutrients for example for this or with VOD LP right and your mixed fertilizers mixed fertilizers are the products or the fertilizers meet by mixing two primary it can be 2 or 2 or more finally nutrients major nutrients right an example for this is a game GDP and incomplete fertilizers and complete fertilizer these are product or fertilizer where these are made by mixing of the three major primary nutrients example for this with video NPK where all the all the media three main nutrients are supplied in one as one single but lightweight right so here in low analyzes fertilizers and no analyzes fertilizers these are fertilizers which have unless having less than 25 percent of the primary nutrient an example for this would feel SSP tivity for phosphate and then where is in hi analyzes it is an opposite if the fertilizer or product where it has more than 25 percent of the major nutrients right an example for this with video so these are the different types or the classification of fertilizers now let's move on to the methods or of application of these fertilizers our fertilizers are can be applied on three methods alright the baseball dose the base of those or the based on method of application here the fertilizers all the pesticide these are applied at the sowing time and deep placement of fertilizers these are mostly done in white where the ammonium the west ammonium incorporated in reliefs zone learnt the ventilation let's add in started those sorry those here I did a movie done in legumes as well as the vegetables where the NPK these are applied at their transplanting and if there are usually done at the ratio of 1 is to 3 is to 1 right find your split those split tools of nitrogen fertilizers these can be of two types and a to split tools or three structures these are mostly done to increase the magazine efficiency at the club and to students our movie done where the thoughts duration with Viva woman's whereas in twisted doses with the duration of the publish for more than five to six months right so these are the simple these are the simple methods of application office fertilizers let's go to our buyers and life's what are my utilizes right oh these are also known as by not so this by fertilizes our preparations which contain microorganisms as supply nutrients especially nitrogen phosphorus to this plant and these can be supplied to the plans to soil inoculum through your plant as well as in the form of a compost what the main objective of vial of fertilizers would be that it will increase the opportunity office microorganisms for a belief easily microorganisms and thereafter accelerate the microbial activity and this will in turn augment the ability the availability of these plant nutrients and which will make it available for the plants so they make a really perfect type of microbe bill soil biology in the soil which will make it very beneficial for the plans as well as this soil right and these art and all advantages office and biofertilizers are cost effective it's cost effective because it is significantly less money or it does not cost as much as food in organic fertilizer where we fit will respect a lot of money on it right and the supplement to the fertilizers f i have already discussed with you since it can act as a supplement of fertilizers as it will increase a microbial activity and therefore it will also will increase the proper production and a life inside in soil so this can be earned supplements to the fertilizers and it is also eco-friendly because it is friendly nature and it is not food or it is not and you were seduced unlike be organic fertilizers where there these are multi toxic and they can be picking site in the soil for years and years and I can leave the soil as well as even the brown water act and go through river bands in the streets as well as feeding found also affect the human health first in this bio fertilizes these are and when the friendly and biodegradable and such a way that they do not have any advantage to impact right it reduces across towards with lies its use before knee is since its cost-effective definitely is gonna reduce the cost to itself isolated use especially regarding nitrogen and phosphorus this is why food line as they are very famous for nitrogen and phosphorus fixation these and fire fertilizers they make these unwanted vailable nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil available for the planting so about keep singing in active service right so these are the nutrient supply these fire fertilizers can be classified into two types mainly the nitrogen fixing compounds as well as the phosphorus from house so in these are these 1950 sometimes can be further divided into three living associative survive with ants invited so free living can be further again divided into arabic and anaerobic with an antibiotic to back to from these are the fixtures a big hand these are mostly used for wheat rice cotton and sugar cane in an anaerobic we have as a spare money where is an associate of symbiotic we have oxygen and so for your associated to buys it we're gonna use as experiment and atmosphere and these are associated to the needs of losses and some of the example of the crops with the sorghum [Music] so these are the examples of this atmosphere life and at this forum a nitrogen fixation after some basic since inviteth we have two types again which is not information and on the noodle formation which one will come it'll be quite severe and rhizobian they are symbiotic relationship ordinary pictures of all the legumes right and we also have a lung nodule formation and forget me huh between al k which is also known as and these have a symbolic relationship or dissociation we don't want to put known house that's all laughing right so these are some of the free living some of the nitrogen fixing sometimes right now we're gonna move on to our phosphorus phosphorus but there are two types first one is the phosphate soluble solid lighter and the second one is phosphate absorber so this fossilised to leave lighter these are mostly using the soils where they are higher amount or a lot of people when when there is an immense use of this phosphor advanced use of it NPK and Dean UTEP it's used then it increases the sulfate and phosphate residues so to solid lies this phosphorus these phosphate solid lighter is used right and we're gonna go to our soil nutrient basically according to Orange and start we have 16 essential nutrients and with this we can route them we have another flush 16 essential nutrients plus 1 which is nickel right so that makes about the 17 which means so out of these tree would be your basic structures basic nutrients which will give see actual Harbhajan hydrogen which would be any okay and we'll be having a second to include which will be calcium oxygen and sulfur and arrested for your nutrients so under this we have three fiery right and some all of its pasta next units are they will be your secondary and so here in this diorama is in this table I've given the element as well as a caution in the plant mr. spoon detail with each other each one of these so this macaroon they are responsible for the budget rules and the building block these are the building plant parasitic phosphorus is a critical remember these are with nitrogen for the vegetative roof and this phosphorous they are crucial with the beautiful augment lambdas asked for for maturity and see reduction and potassium these are the activate enzymes these are important to the plant holders of Dante extreme temperature as well as drought and more on these are important in sugar transport cell division and amino acid production chloride the use of federal regulations resisting diseases as well as for synthetic reactions copper on the other hand we are important complement of enzymes involved in photosynthesis again iron component of enzymes essential for businesses as well as put synthesis molybdenum involved in nitrogen metabolism especially nitrogen fixation manganese for class production cofactor in many transactions he activates the enzyme as well and the lastly we have zinc these are the components of minions are essential for transforming balance and the activity so remember all the fashions of these elements it's very important to go the functions because even when the deficiency centers also come and I think under ASEAN a definite symptom it's going to be much more easier for you all to answer this if we understand the basic and passage of all these elements right and here in this picture actress give the diagrams representation of the plant as long as where are these attention where always my macro and micronutrients will be attacking this micro and macro nutrients deficiency symptoms will be sure right so for me we're gonna go from this side and then we're going to your right side so we're gonna start off with the left hand side first is Bora and borin there will be here as you can see in this picture there is going to be a discoloration of leaflet and breaking and dropping out there but remember this and suffer here there's going to be a light green veins being filthy is what so basically it's going to show a symptom of flourishes but there won't be any spots and the veins will be pale green and the leaves will turn light green or it can even turn yellow right and manganese least they are pale in color beige and then even news they are dark green and articulate remember and so far all of the greens and everything will turn feel green and yellow but where is manganese it's only the leaves that will turn pale in color but the veins and the fennel tea was building named r3 okay and and zinc leaves are pale narrow short veins start three they have dark spots on these as well as on the edges and these are the symptoms of zinc manganese Hill is from leaf edges there are no spots I just have cup shaped holes leaves die and drop in extreme and deficiency right and phosphorus we have the plant short and dark green in extreme individual sees ten blonde or black bronze color already so bronzing will have author in your posture and we move on to the calcium touch a mule gets still gonna have a plant will be still doctrine tender leaves will be killed during charts upon the tip eventually leave one dad right so if you can see the born and calcium detect the uppermost or the topmost layer topmost part of the plant and for iron Aaron have a pager peel please and they have no spots but major three will be between copper we have field green between the veins will and draw so in copper the the extra addition other than illness the most important way to identify it is due to building and keeping all these leads he am molybdenum the leaves the light green lemon yellow orange spots on the whole need except being sticky secreted from lynly so monitor need it other than that other than they also give up give out the sticky secretions as well as we have spots on the boots and potassium they have small spots on the leaves edges of the peonies spots to the turn rusty hold the tip so this will be your sentence with potassium and nitrogen the stunted smooth extreme pale color upright news the light really LOH and they appear burnt and extreme deficiencies so these are the different types of the deficiency symptoms shown by these different elements all right this is a really good diagram to view which me which makes it much more easier and clearer right and so if you want you get to get screenshot of this as well so here in his pic in this slide we're gonna talk about some of the plans which kind of use as an indicator for the nutrient deficiencies and the deficit elements here I've given a militant side and indicator plans I've given under qualifier so why they call the indicated plans they're all the communicative plans because we are susceptible or they're less tolerant soon they're deficient deficiencies of these elements right so even if there's a slightest efficiency or sightlessness lesson in amount of all these nutrients than these across will show the first symptoms so that's why they are palsy indicators so first and foremost put nitrogen it's always the cauliflower and cabbage phosphorus we have read seeds or mustard and potassium is potatoes calcium cauliflower and cabbage again Mac regime's potatoes iron cauliflower cabbage potato as well as both sodium we have sugar beet manganese sheep repeat an old borrow on a flower so these are the sand in France which are they found indicators for this between tap chances right let's go to our another topic which is Oh so what is soil erosion soil erosion it is a naturally occurring process that affects the landforms so in agriculture this all emotion can be caused due to water as well as wind and what happens here is that there'll be a wearing of the topmost soil off the land and which are really caused by wind earth water and through this and as well as even farming activities as well as still as can also affect this so erosion and within time of the soil at the topmost layer of the soil will be borne off and it'll be deposited somewhere so this is known as evolution and this detachment movement and depositing these are the three steps of soil erosion all right and here in detachment this earth and this is when the topsoil is actually detached from the rest of the brown for example I'm going to take an example of the water or the raindrops of the water the rain droplet falls on the land then the small particles all the sands they will get detached and the movement will start and they will move to another so another area and there is going to get deposited so this whole process this whole process comes illusion okay so there are mean two methods or the main process for the soil erosion the first one is to what evolution is - it's a free surface water runoff these are two important terms which come in time and time right and find the main causes of soil erosion water erosion which is the loss of the top swirl going to do water so here in what evolutionists have I already extinct previous flight the green drops they fall directly on the top soil the impact of the raindrops losing the material bonding it together allows some fragments to detach right and it's the rainfall and this surface water pond runoff is actually a extreme form of this water erosion and and the water or the rainfall that comes near the water gathers on a brown they cost water flow on the land surface and which is known as the surface water runoff and this runoff carries the detect soil materials away and deposit them elsewhere right so these are the main supporters of soil erosion and let's talk more about the causes of others process of soil erosion the first one here is green and water runoff we've already discussed live here that's right so we're not going to talk hear any more about this serene and water run up if all discussed in the previous slides and these Rhian water runoff suppose it wishes to change like water erosion then it can take out most of your organic materials and your tray or cells or the sandy particles smaller particles but if there's a stream water one of them it can also take off your take off the important and the more healthy organic minerals for the minerals like the elements as well and farming farming and also cause can also be a cause for the soil erosion as it can always firming some intensive farming it also change the the soil structure and even though it wouldn't hold it but eventually it will also deplete the organic material from that soil and therefore it's going to deteriorate the soil we've shia tillage practices the soil will also become less it will become more farmers and they won't be any having any more advocate suit for this well and that way which will make it much more easier for it to fall on tilled soil erosion right and snow budget land is also important as the disputed land is much more higher than if you're gonna compare this to the Superman like this then the runoff due to the pressure altitude slope the runoff and number one is going to be more higher than the runoff in this school so this will cause a higher this will of the cost and weak or this can also affect the soil erosion in the lack of station since if there if the land is barren and if there's no vegetation in the land the roots they actually help in holding the soil together and that's why in more of the barren land or in the places where there's no vegetation soil erosion is more as they become more susceptible they become more exposed to these water runoff as well as in water erosion as well as the renewal right and the last one here is a wind erosion when you're Raja you can also take a part in soul erosion as the swimming erosion it depends on the velocity of the wind if it's like unless the velocity that it won't affect this one much but if it's of the final operator definitely it can translocate these smaller particles of the soil and thereby potting soil erosion to softly to extent right so these are some of the causes of this soil erosion and let's go to our types of soil erosion we have different types of soil erosion of / illusion with erosion the Lea oceans twin bank erosion deposition sheet erosion these are some of the types of soil erosion so let us discuss all of these have of erosion in detail the soil erosion these are these are also known after splash erosion and here this is a more simplest form of erosion or this is also known as the water erosion right and here suppose the rain droplet or the water droplets perform on the ground and due to the pressure or the force this particle of these are red dirt has 14 and look at this it is into a different areas may be and their art we are definitely gonna accumulate in this region and so this is the main formation on the process of the raindrop artist flash movie Jim and these are the most simplest methods of the soil analysis of the most prominent common solution and here we have a sheet avoidance treaty volume these are mostly caused by the winds and these are mostly found in a flat surface as you can see here right and due to the wind moving due to the continuous winds a lot higher velocity the the small particles on the land particle these are actually very detached and happy but it's you a different area and so it needs a sheath like structure here and which makes it she's like structures out here and so this are the type of soil another type of it's really really caused by literally a sheet erosion is the most it's not common and cannot be diagnosed properly as well so let's go to our relative motion will avoid you know these are again past YouTube water erosion due to heavy rains or detail continuous rain this will form a small channel or real-life structures due to the water and this will be making a small will or channels but then this can be this can be amended or it can be cleaned by a tillage right and so these are this has optimal illusion and it will form a little shape right and the gully erosion this is an advanced form of realization right and here and it's a diversion the the rills or the the witches are they are more white and more deeper the cracks are more deeper and more wider right and these are due to the continuous water water YouTube heavy rains which causes over time huge deep cracks and ridges like these and these will be your of the erosion tillage is not any use in this type of right so here I'll announce three mangu was in the stream bank erosion these are usually caused due to the stream of the river sites right so because of this continuous flow of this river the site of the land outside of the soil these are also washed out continuously and so does this causes this a stream by erosion these are some of the types of soil erosion we also have wind erosion which we all discuss we often have terminal erosion in the tunnel revolution these are all the cars it didn't droplets are the rain fall suppose this is an land of an area and due to the continuous rain drops this will form the small balls out here first and with the country's drop which continues to ravage these are valid these are both deeper and deeper and eventually we are gonna form a tunnel shape so this is another type of soil erosion right okay so I found the solution for the soil erosion can be your careful tilling because till each activity big break up the small structure so doing less off till it actually a no tillage is the most preferable method for solution or for these soil erosion right so a feed one do not do you have if you do not do any tillage practices that it's much more beneficial to prevent this soil erosion and confrontation confrontation plenty of repetition they are also crucial as when we go for conversation we will be encountering different types of souls root structures which will definitely change the structure of these soil contact attack whereas in an intensive cropping the soil becomes very it will deplete the soil and that will definitely changes also it will definitely change the small structures when we look at into the intensive or the intensive wanna culturing right and these will allow this competition will also allow the organic matter to build up and which will make it further panting is more fertile and thirst it will help in soil erosion as the soil will be more compact and won't be in that way it will not have more of these hands of and for increased soil and restructure of the plant introducing terraces or the means of stabilizing or the soil can help in solution that can help in preventing the soil erosion for example in an top undulated topography you grip in the hills or terrains then if you move for this hunter or Terrace farming that it will change the pull topography of the land in such a way that due to the water one off due to the rainfall itself they will not be displaced the song will not be detached or this page coming right and we have another problem water control for those area where the soil erosion is predominantly caused by water whether the not but it's natural all that made me man-made then specialized runoff clients can also help to write to you Scottish soldiers away from susceptible areas so we're going to use some of the structures when I said water prior to the tanks which will divert it from the most acceptable or the most common in the area where it's more susceptible to always soil erosion and they're never gonna die for its we are the water sources and for the increased knowledge a major factor for Venezuela also the erosion is when you increase the knowledge of of each other as well as tweet awareness amongst each other and teach the farmers and as well as the people around so that people will be more aware of it and we can come up with a better solution purposes for erosion and moving on to our last chapter which is officer funds if it's for any water conservation the first and foremost with it could I get a talk about swell up from revision what is the soil conservation and why is it important to conserve swell since soil is the most dynamic and a type first material that we can found in earth and which is the living bound for all the pans and for all the living organisms on earth and it's important for us to conserve we saw that the soil it's not there the soil is actually the food for all these plants so it's very important to conserve the soil so the soil conservation can all can be defined as preventing of the soil water erosion or reduce the fertility caused by other usage acidification salinization and other capital soil consolidations so this is the definition of your soil conservation right and it is a name which is given to techniques which aims at preserving the soil right so other than them you have different techniques to conserve this soil some of the techniques here are contour flowing and in the tip flowing it's a type of farming practices where it is flowing or the planting these are done across two slopes in elevation contour lines right so suppose this is the hilly regions alikum to are flowing or the contour farming we're gonna to do more often this size so it's gonna form a key tool in this way and this bill definitely help in preventing the water of soil erosion so this is technically plus sign for the soil conservation and terrorist bombing terms following these are also a method of Latin leveled areas and hills it's multi practice in the Asian countries for cultivation of rice all right so even here it's the same as the front or but it's more of a straight line where at infinity or it can be this dopey area as well but here in terror is where you make a step like structure on the terrace and this way fish farming right and this will also help in the reducing the soil and water erosion and cue line design these are a more enhanced version of controlling but here what we do is that we take two different ideas that is watershed management as well as setting it to a flower so we will be making the contour and the ridges in such a way that the water sources will be watershed properties will be taken into consideration may be the water runoff will be one in down to or particle in water resources so these as a keyline design right and we're going to talk about parameter one of control this is a pod practice of planting trees or the shrubs groundcovers according to the current material of the famine which competes circuit school and within the trees left so it right so we're going to talk about wind grapes will raise are nothing but it's all up on the shelter great shelter grapes or actual systems this is a very famous system or particle practice which is like the actual system well this is the field and you plan the particular tree on the sides like this which will act as a shield and which can equate the weight so if suppose these are actually good for preventing a wind erosion as these trees or these shrubs can't prevent can act as a barrier for this wind hi little Asti and I go directly the wind velocity fall from the field in the wheat crop and so the main crops will be read on injured as well also will be we founded wind erosion right element method has also have it also have various so many different benefits such as it will also help in the evapotranspiration I reduce the transmission rate off the soil of the cans as well as well as it can also protect patrol from other dust and other pollutants and acid barrier so other than that it can also act as a father and give an extra income to the community you can give inhabited for the wildlife as well but these are some of the advantages and benefits of the matrix and we moving on we have cover crops and crop rotation but the crops and crop rotation was for these cover crop they will act as the crops or the cover crop can be warmed along with the main crop and these can hold the whole the soil properly and his favorite qualities are a high in nitrogen which will be beneficial for this soil and it will help in the fertility of the soil as well as crop rotation also it will help in the fertility increasing the fertility of the soil as well as it will hold it struck it will change the structure of the soil and one make this also contact which will make it also tribal and which will make it more aeration will also be better in this type of so a little give the full dynamic whole dynamic biology of the soil proper and we will give them a really perfect work so of course opens another method is a soil conservation of farming is a mixture of farm method which intensive mimic the biology of a virgin man so soil conservation farming is a farming method where we duplicate or mimic a perfect virgin land where there is land a virgin land be a land or a forest greater know of the human activities have been done or new agriculture crops have been planted or where it's been living as it is so so this soil conservation farming is very suburban typical good farming method to preserve this world right and we furthermore we have an astrological measures these are planting grasses in heavily and coated areas and the phone athletes are crossed eligible measures so we here which is and it can be incorporated along the trees as well and the grass buses are mostly planted in the areas or it can also be counted and this process can also be used as a father for this life stock and animal as well right so we have a no-till farming we've already discussed about the new tillage so because if there are if wheat you go for more to lift up the practices and it will definitely lose a lot the soil and which will in turn increase the chances of soil erosion right but if there is no till or mood for funding that which can and can be very helpful in increasing their increasing the organic material as well as refusing the compactive of the store after that it will be less damaged by the tillage properties and so this is a method which in which of going fast year round without changing the topography office soil so the top of what we have a small one big change at all because it's a few who do the tillage then definitely is finished in Toulouse Lautrec this way and till here we have earthworms as well earthworms as we all know that they're very good for soil as the tip of better aeration in the soil right so they provided they burrow the de Bordeaux on the ground and the lid on the fan which will make it more available to what's around your oxygen to go about English slowly and they will be infinitely better weight and very natural farming this is a method that takes advantage of the natural as well as indigenous macro Ganges to produce a portal so that if that needles higher output and get rid of the need of the river side with it pesticides right so we have a green wardens awaiting garden is a shallow depression in the land which falls and collects rainwater from impervious surfaces and they prevent pollution while saving the nutrients in your teeth that in then admittedly we get washed away so this is about retardants and re-establishing forest cover a dense amount of trees or the forest policies are mostly planted and fantatic gained in network of a deep root of a long term solution to the soil erosion right so these another benefit for this can also be the windbreak which we have all the discuss in the previous slide that the treat camp invite right so this when we read stablish the forest cover it definitely helped in increasing before my throat is going to be the microbial activity as well as it will increase the microorganisms and destroy it with hop in and indigenous crops why are we need image pops better non-indigenous cross and then the gee-gees protective ended more the region's pop in that particular area we don't have to put any extra amount or any extra extra extra organic any extra elements or minerals as they are more neutral to that part in Seoul and definitely to commit attack well that funky soul can put up that stones and man saw and will also definitely even forget it natural needs community needs we think one swell formation as well as improve the soil structure texture facility and so that's all about the soil conservation that let us move on to this watershed management of what is watershed management what is it management is the concept which I believe the juiciest management of basic resources that the soil and water vegetation by implementing land use practices and water management practices to protect and improve the quality of the water and I'm not showing resources within the watershed by managing the usual use land and water use which is in pocket and sip manner for these are the definition of watershed management so what is so before going to what is a manager a wrong sort of efficient management is and now what is the watershed so here to be of everybody of the water via rivers lakes streams ponds even your actuaries it can also be in the form of a precipitation graduate snow from high mountains right these still form or watershed or they can hold as food water so what it is basically at the area of land that dreams or chef walked into a specific crystalline water body such as lake or a river support the watershed this can be a bodies of watersheds that can comment for which rivers lakes ponds streamlets cherries from the high mountains and the form of rain in the snow as well and all these little combine into your pot legal join into a particular point maybe even like a funnel shape right so all of these to one point in a funnel shape at from the top five drop there are larger air confined into the larger lakes or rivers or into a larger water body and therefore they gonna go back to the ocean and the Seas right so all these will these are known as sea water strip right right so there are type a different types of water these several watershed these are based on the size the drainage properties and the shape as well as a man captive right so there are five types of watershed which is a mathematician sub-watershed milli watershed Mike leadership and the leadership needs important to remember the area of holies what all these watersheds these are for macro watershed these are more than 50,000 hectares we separate the shed with nearly 10,000 to 50,000 practice Mille watershed believe about 2,000 to 10,000 micro watershed with 1,500 to 2,000 and mini would be the four hundred to one or two hun and we're going to talk about Fisheries in the so please be there and thank you so much and stay safe 

Israel: A Miracle in Agriculture​

 I am presently in Israel in next half an hour I'm going to show you miracles in Israeli agriculture and how India is following it and many other countries are also following it really Israeli agriculture is a miracle and we will show you how Israelis are doing the best in agriculture sector  Israel the biblical Holy Land a country known for its rich culture and history a sacred place the Jews and Christians across the world  a country of clean and beautiful infrastructure of historical sites  a country of around 1 crore thriving population  a bridge between Asia Africa and Europe Israel is so important that every country wants to have a relation with it  but Israel is also this land in conflict a country on perpetual brink of war with Palestine known for its hard trained world-class soldiers which of these is the real Israel Palestinian residents of its occupied eastern half protested outside the old cities Damascus Gate  seeking the answers my team and I took to the streets of Jerusalem watching the locality is speaking with the locals we are told that Israel's success stories neither its military nor the sophisticated technology but agriculture Israel's milestones Israel was established on 14th May 1948 Jews from all over the world went to Israel Jews called Israel as their homeland they developed their country with missionary zeal over half of Israel saline soil was added for semi-arid only 20% of the total land was arable now it tripled the territory used for farming its production also multiplied 16 times since then his rails agricultural success is a learning lesson close cooperation between farmers agro industry and technological research are key to success Israel's research and development is 17 percent of its total agricultural budget we came across a Binyamin bene an Indian by descent but an Israeli citizen a Jew by religion and a successful businessman he said Israel has traveled very fast to make itself independent in food security in 1970s it was a lot of troubles that we had of water and lot of food to get boots and all that except orange I remember oranges and and Contras you know that that's what we were supposed to be were getting that thing but slowly slowly develop agriculture of course with the education and then slowly slowly they started doing dealing with the agriculture today Israel is completely out of I mean we don't import anything we just do our tables and we'll of course and today you can get all the fruits except from tropical like I know like Jack wood and coconut we can get but otherwise almost all the fruits we are getting every disco version of Israel so a lot of things that not only spiritually in our on the path they are given the creek to big ones how long apart and then you have oranges in in and then you have the grapes in Nasik so all these kind of things are coming from as well and I think this is one of the great things of Israel to give India a small small country to be country because you are having lot of leads we contacted the Israeli Foreign Ministry to try to understand from them the strength of the our country and finally we will suggested to visit Amnon often who will tell you about Israeli agriculture about 40 kilometres from Jerusalem we travel to kibbutz nard to meet Amnon offended subscrible is comfortable and we travel through lush green area and agricultural fields in his office I'm not often an agricultural engineer and director of non dine Jian company exposed us to a brief history of Israel and its agricultural endeavor is unknown in the kind of settlement which are kyboots o moshe of kyboot is a social settlement which everybody is equal and in the beginning this was the most significant of Israel after we came out of of the Exile so none is a kyboot so none Dan chain is based on three company now and an engine on i

 I am presently in Israel in next half an hour I'm going to show you miracles in Israeli agriculture and how India is following it and many other countries are also following it  really Israeli agriculture is a miracle and we will show you how Israelis are doing the best in agriculture sector Israel the biblical Holy Land a country known for its rich culture and history a sacred place the Jews and Christians across the world a country of clean and beautiful infrastructure of historical sites  a country of around 1 crore thriving population  a bridge between Asia Africa and Europe Israel is so important that every country wants to have a relation with it  but Israel is also this land in conflict a country on perpetual brink of war with Palestine known for its hard trained world-class soldiers which of these is the real Israel Palestinian residents of its occupied eastern half protested outside the old cities Damascus Gate  seeking the answers my team and I took to the streets of Jerusalem watching the locality is speaking with the locals we are told that Israel's success stories neither its military nor the sophisticated technology but agriculture Israel's milestones Israel was established on 14th May 1948 Jews from all over the world went to Israel Jews called Israel as their homeland they developed their country with missionary zeal over half of Israel saline soil was added for semi-arid only 20% of the total land was arable now it tripled the territory used for farming its production also multiplied 16 times since then his rails agricultural success is a learning lesson close cooperation between farmers agro industry and technological research are key to success Israel's research and development is 17 percent of its total agricultural budget we came across a Binyamin bene an Indian by descent but an Israeli citizen a Jew by religion and a successful businessman he said Israel has traveled very fast to make itself independent in food security in 1970s it was a lot of troubles that we had of water and lot of food to get boots and all that except orange I remember oranges and and Contras you know that that's what we were supposed to be were getting that thing but slowly slowly develop agriculture of course with the education and then slowly slowly they started doing dealing with the agriculture today Israel is completely out of I mean we don't import anything we just do our tables and we'll of course and today you can get all the fruits except from tropical like I know like Jack wood and coconut we can get but otherwise almost all the fruits we are getting every disco version of Israel so a lot of things that not only spiritually in our on the path they are given the creek to big ones how long apart and then you have oranges in in and then you have the grapes in Nasik so all these kind of things are coming from as well and I think this is one of the great things of Israel to give India a small small country to be country because you are having lot of leads we contacted the Israeli Foreign Ministry to try to understand from them the strength of the our country and finally we will suggested to visit Amnon often who will tell you about Israeli agriculture about 40 kilometres from Jerusalem we travel to kibbutz nard to meet Amnon offended subscrible is comfortable and we travel through lush green area and agricultural fields in his office I'm not often an agricultural engineer and director of non dine Jian company exposed us to a brief history of Israel and its agricultural endeavor is unknown in the kind of settlement which are kyboots o moshe of kyboot is a social settlement which everybody is equal and in the beginning this was the most significant of Israel after we came out of of the Exile so none is a kyboot so none Dan chain is based on three company now and an engine on is Disraeli pioneer company established in V in 1937 so we are now celebrating 80 years agriculture in Israel is a highly developed industry this despite the fact that the geography of Israel is not naturally conducive to agriculture more than half of the land area is desert and the climate and lack of water resources do not favor farming presidents remind us that agriculture isn't an age-old concept of Israel Jews were traditionally never trained to be farmers but the onslaught of the second world war forced them to gather at one place Palestine and the Israelis took it upon themselves to make something of the barren lands what followed has surprised not just Israel but the entire world Israel produces over 90 percent of its own food requirements and feeds several parts of the world Israel is a major exporter of fresh produce and world leader in agricultural technologies we've developed technologies to beat the heat and the dry lands infertility Israel is home to two unique types of agricultural communities the kibbutz and moshav today we are in a kibbutz area kyboot ism is a collective community in Israel following a combination of socialism and Zionism vast lush green patches farmers going about their work but there's something different about the way farming is done here [] you might be thinking this is just sea or a lake some mass of water but it is neither the sea nor a lake we will tell you it is something else that you will be surprised about the plastic tunnels that you see here are not a series of pipelines to carry water it's a device to save the plants from water amazing but true the country that is deprived of water clearly knows how to save each drop let's go in and see how it looks [] inside the tunnel you can see brinjals growing the vegetables are being taken care of like a child inside these white covers and these holes you see are for the plants to breathe certainly very different from how a brinjals grow back in India did this mist often right now in his early the winter okay and it's raining so it's our monsoon so we cannot go in monsoon in open field so we're going in small tunnel as you can see here and we're going here bundle which is will not be raining or called we can remove the plastic covering and if it will come again called or when we will cover it so we can supply by these two the whole deal at flame to the market not only in season which we can go in open in summer here we can go so in summer but it quite some time difficult so we can go it also in in in this plastic but what is my dream is that also India will use lot of plastic covering and compete with the monsoon because India is still pending the Indian farmers still pending on the monsoon if the monsoon is good so using plastic covering small tunnel big tunnel or greenhouse this is one of the solution for India to get all here product and yield the long series of tunnels will often make you feel as if you are confronting an industrial environment no doubt agriculture in Israel is like an industrial product it requires lot of capital and skilled labour since Israel is a small population of nearly 90 lakh people so they employ labor from outside and their preferences PI laborers is there in small countries and we are coming to agreement with the talent government okay and they are sending here deliver their super working very good morning till evening no don't complain complain and when they are going back to Thailand they are doing it implemented in their country oh so double benefit double band that you don't think that it is your patent right is getting its mission areas to assist all farmer in the world [] now we move to the cactus plants these are part of major plantations in Israel who would imagine that these flowers full of thorns are actually edible you can eat the tiny red fruits after cleaning them and you can even eat the leaves the farmer says that Israel is developing a seedless variety of cactus that may be helpful in meeting food security and also treat ailments like diabetes this is the reason why cactus is drawn on a large scale all across Israel  and in Hebrew on Arabic name subways Subway's meaning that inside the food is very sweet so disraeli are inside very very sweet but outside very torn so the Israeli who born in Israel their name is Assemblies service is the Arabic name Israel's crops half of Israel's total agricultural production of fruits and vegetables oranges grapefruits lemons apples apricots grapes peaches mangoes plums dates cactus and pears art major fruits his rails greenhouse tomatoes cherry tomatoes peppers herbs and melons are of the highest international standards they are also producing fish in deserts and they also grow wheat in low quantity his Raley potatoes are of very high quality now we move towards an orange orchard these are mandarins thin-skinned seedless and very sweet these trees are pruned to allow more sunlight which means more fruits and the spacing between the rows of trees is very crucial to these trees are covered to save them from the acidic rains this is a special type of Mandarin name-o very thin-skinned okay and seedless okay and very very sweet sweet super sweet you get a variety of orange its its mandarine not citrus it's not C - this is mandarine see there's no seed in this they no sleep in this this is Fitness oh now can you see hmm this is our new system of going okay in the past the tree was very high Omega now what we're doing after harvesting we are pulling the trees and giving more light inside okay so this is what we call intensive way of going more like side more yield outside and now new system of going in Israel we call it the world going meaning we are cutting straight here and straight for the other and we are going only do on the wall okay both side so it's easy also to harvesting and what you see here this is the plastic when there's a big grain Oh some we can covering it okay again health you know health you know health when it's coming hydro collie okay big health we can covering and keep the plantation a life above yeah don't we the pharma insists I should take some oranges for myself and my team and just like that it starts raining the trees are protected but not our cameras and we rush for shelter [] all the running has made us hungry and it's the right time to savor some Israeli food we are at the kyboot village club and line up with the others for food [] it is delicious my team is relieved that there is vegetarian food to mope children and adults come here to have joint community dining spiced rice pulses assorted vegetables chicken there's everything including fruit an inseparable part of each meal they tell us after food it is now time for the village children to play or pose for our cameras [] we move ahead and the locals also tell us that livestock farming is a big source of income for many Israelis all of israel's milk consumption originates from dairy farms within the country with most herds consisting largely of Israeli Holsteins the high yielding disease-resistant breed further mow sheep milk is exported this is often again he shows us how they look after the large plantations with the help of these water sprinklers and sprayers each for a different type of crop [] [] is named rain thought okay while in thought because the discharge of the sprinkler is like falling off rain okay so when when it is deep arrogation so do you need such type of a sprinklers yes because always there are some times which you can use also this sprinkler will give you some time better solutions and the drip sometimes you also can you can combine because you can put it in in in small wind like towing so duplication you can also put after regression you can okay you don't have to put do a sprinkler to all the farm okay we get today here then you shoot it by hand drip irrigation is the main contribution of Israel in agriculture the water goes directly to the roots this saves wastage of water for drip irrigation pipes are laid in sequence like this giving proper space to the plants [] irrigation systems are actually the main strength and innovation of Israeli agriculture there are various types of irrigation systems that Israelis are using these include Jets wrinkling and spring in different ways [] computer controlled drip irrigation computerized early warning systems for leaks thermal imaging for crop water stress detection biological pest control are Israel's uniqueness new varieties of fruit and vegetables are its main achievements of Agriculture dairy and desert farming are superb Israel's natural water supplies are below the UN definition of water poverty 86% of water is reused and stored after the cell nation through plants Israel exports agriculture technology all over the world I'm not often also took us for around to a factory that makes equipment  the equipment is the backbone of agriculture in Israel the equipment is made locally not imported from China these are nozzles of different sizes and shapes that become part of water jets for farming communities the farmers are able to shift from flood irrigation to duplication and this is how in the last 10-15 years at least five to seven million Indian farmers shifting for flood to good irrigation and other tree with other companies it means that the farmers are not stupid they're understood that by using duplication they are getting double yield or sometimes three times more and they can survive and do money this factory is being run by non Don Jane company and its CEO is David a role car interestingly he is also of Indian origin but was born here he shows us around and explains how the Israel of today is a change from its time of Inception making here is also part of oh okay what's the making from India I'll get out thank you so much thank you thank you  amnon often has a plan for India - he says though it requires some money in the beginning but it can be easily made up in a year but fair should be willing and awareness from the local government local state so Masha okay Gujarat is okay yupi is okay but as much as more the local state we understand it will be done but it is not very costly I will tell you one year after one you give you cover your investment in one year so it's it it's cost-effective and he wants to open one-stop solution for everything from seed to fertilizers to agriculture in Indian villages we are coming with a basket of solution okay he's not have to go 200 people to get fertilizer to get pumped to get Drupal to get filter or to get seeds don't we are coming one-stop as workshop one unit we give him full solution from A to Z everything everything from zero to the end  so this is Israeli agriculture indeed Israel is a revelation the farming communities are far from the cliched image the world has of the country it's no surprise that apart from modern weaponry and technology India is highly interested in investing in Israel's farming techniques  this is not very easy to do agriculture in Israel but Israelis are doing it they have put their hearts and minds into it and also applied best technology into it I have shown you just a glimpse of it but missed part of is that it is also coming to India and it will be in the interest of both India and Israel this is all in reservoir television for this special report we will come back to you again with another report aquiles omen for Raja on television which can a person Jeunet in coupiet village of Israel 

Major Crops of India Indian Agriculture, Geography

hi in this blog we will learn about major types of crops that exists in India before we do that we need to first understand the cropping pattern in India that is  I say this is important because if you understand how crops are classified into these three patterns then you will have a better understanding about the origination properties and characteristics so let's read about each one of them in brief the first one is Rabi crop so this crop is sold in the season of winter that is from October to December and harvested in summer that is from April to June so always remember Robbie crop is a winter crop the best way to remember is the letter I also exists in the world winter so when you have Robbie it's winter remember that now some of the important Rabi crops are wheat barley peace gram now these crops are grown in the large part of India especially places near north and northwest in parts such as Punjab Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir with tarantula andother Pradesh so remember India has two types of monsoon that is southwestern monsoon and then not eastern monsoon so the second one that is the not eastern monsoon it occurs during the winter season therefore this monsoon or this rainfall helps in the success of these crops now due to the success of Green Revolution it has helped in the growth of these Rabi crops so Green Revolution was a period when agriculture in India increased its yield due to improved agronomic technology you know at that time everything was efficiently done we have proper technology in place and with best practices this movement green revolution developed and this was purely to overcome food defects because that can lead to health hazards now let's read about the Khalif crop Karif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon so this is the southwestern monsoon we are talking about which starts at the beginning of June and the crops are harvested in the month of September or October by the end of the monsoon sokar if up is sown in the monsoon and Robbie crop is sown in the winter remember that now some of the Cardiff crops are paddy maize jor Bhadra tor MooMoo Roth cotton jute ground nut and soya bean so all of these crops are grown at the region of Assam West Bengal coastal regions of Orissa under Pradesh Tamil Nadu Kerala and Maharashtra so you see all of these places receives rainfall from the southwest and wind so this was all about the car if crop so after Robbie and kharif season there is something called Zee season so it is a short season but it is mostly in the summer so some of the crops that are grown in this season are watermelon musk melon cucumber and other vegetables and fathers so all of these crops falls on the Zayat crop so with this we are now aware of the three types of cropping patterns in India now let's read about the major crops of India a variety of food is grown in different parts of the country and basically it depends on the variation of soil climate and cultivation practices now some of the major crops in India are rice wheat millet pulses tea coffee sugarcane oil seeds cotton and jute so let's read about each one of these crops and get to know more in depth the first one is rice it is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India so rice is consumed at a large quantity now always remember rice is a car if crop which means it is grown during the monsoon season in the month of June and it requires high temperature that is above 25 degree Celsius and then the annual range of rainfall should be above 100 centimeter so overall you need high temperature and a good rainfall so rice is grown usually in the plains of north and northeast in India and also places near the coastal areas and the Delta ik regions because you see you need a lot of water to grow rice so coastal areas and deltas they're perfect places to get some water from and the northeastern side receives heavy rainfall and the northern parts of punjab and with the pradesh they get water from irrigation facilities like drawing water from the reservoirs and now due to the advancement of canal irrigation and cube bills races like Punjab Haryana western Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan as it is these places receive very less rainfall but now due to advancement in irrigation facilities even these states are able to grow rice and the second crop is wheat it is the second most important crop in India it is the main food crop for the people of north and north western part of the country now this crop requires cool growing season so that means it should be grown during the winter and during winter Robi crop is grown so wheat is a Rabi crop now it requires a rainfall of 15 to 75 centimeter so there are two important places where wheat is grown and it is purely because of that ideal location and those places are the gang grass at the lodge plain in the north we are talking about the regions of Punjab Haryana and the second region is black soil region of the Deccan Plateau here the regions are Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh and the major wheat producing states are Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Bihar Rajasthan and multiplied - so if we see all of these places ranges from naught to the central part of the country and the next robbers millets so millets are crops that contain small seeds so some of the important millets are jowar bajra and raggy and these things have very high nutritional value for example raggy is rich in iron calcium and other micronutrients so to grow these crops you need a lot of moisture therefore it has grown mostly in the rain Fred areas so again we can call it as a monsoon crop so if it is monsoon it has to be cut if Maratha is the largest producer of jaw followed by cannot occur on the Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and when it comes to Basra it grows well on the sandy soil and black soil and it is grown in the region of Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Gujarat and Haryana and ragged soil black soil or sandy soil to grow so Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are deira largest producer of Wragge and apart from them states like a marshal with ranches Sikkim charcoal are not a Pradesh they also grow a lot of rhaggy and if you see these places also have this kind of red black and sandy soils available and the next type of crop is maize not as a Cardiff drop which requires a lot of water because carafe is a monsoon crop and the temperature should be in between 21 to 27 degree Celsius so today maize is being grown by the help of high yielding varieties seeds so these seeds require less input and they give a lot of output and then you need fertilizers and irrigation facilities to increase the production of maize so some of the maize producing states are cannot occur with the Pradesh Bihar under Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh now the next type of crop is pulses now India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world and also the Government of India gives huge quantity of pulses as a subsidy through the public distribution system to the people of India in meeting the minimum requirement of protein for a person so pulses are the major sources of protein so some of the pulses that we grow in India are tour or earth-moon mass or piece and gram and by the way they are also called leguminous crops so remember that pulses are called leguminous crops and pulses helps in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air so growing possesses good both for the population as well as the land so pulses are usually grown in rotation with other crops meaning suppose you are growing a crop a so after harvesting the crop a you will grow a pulse crop because it will help in restoring the fertility of the soil and after that again you can grow crop B and after harvesting crop B again you will grow pulse crop so like this it continues and this is the meaning of rotation so the major producing states are multiplied - ruta Pradesh Rajasthan Maharashtra and cannot occur so all of the things that we read right now all of this are food crops data grains so now we are going to read about the food crops other than grains so the first one is sugarcane so it is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop so it needs a hot and humid climate a temperature of 21 to 27 degree Celsius would be an ideal temperature and an annual rainfall of 75 200 centimeter would be good so where there is low rainfall you need irrigation so the meaning of irrigation is drawing water from nearby canals or dam because that is the best substitute for rainfall there's nothing else so one good thing about sugarcane is that it can be grown on a variety of soils meaning it doesn't need any one ideal soil but then you need manual labor because it is a labor intensive crop so sugarcane acts like a raw material for sugar good that is jaggery then can suri and molasses and the states that produce a sugar cane are Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Bihar Punjab and Haryana and just remember this with the pradesh is the leading producer of sugarcane and the second type of food crop that is not a grain is oil seeds they are nothing but vegetable oil so which is obtained from the seed of some plant you must have heard about sunflower oil sesame oil or olive oil that we use in a kitchen so these all come from seed oil so now you know the importance of that so some of the main oil seeds produced in India are ground nut mustard coconut soya bean castor seeds cotton seeds lens seeds and sunflower so most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums now we also use oil for the production of soap cosmetics and oilman's so now this adds more value to this kind of crop so some of the states that produce oil seeds are Gujarat Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Haryana and cannot occur so this was all about the oil seeds so the next type of food crop is an example of Planet Asian agriculture so we are talking about tea so the British introduced tea first in India remember that but of course today most of the tea plantations are owned by the Indians now the tea plants grow well in both tropical as well as subtropical climates but you need a deep and fertile soil rich in humors and organic matter so tea needs warm and moist climate and you also need frequent rainfall and when I say rainfall not the heavy rainfall the SHA rainfall the light one so these are the ideal condition that is required for the growth of nice tea leaves now let me tell you tea is a labor-intensive industry it requires a lot of hard labour and the states that produce tea are Assam Hills of Darjeeling then Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal then you have in the southern region Tamil Nadu and Kerala now apart from these ideal location there are few other places like Marshall Pradesh Uttaranchal mahalia Andhra Pradesh and three pura so these all states contribute towards tea production now after tea it has to be coffee wherever you go you will have an alternative to tea so the Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality and always remember coffee was never any Ninh crop it was brought initially from a country called Yemen now coffee is grown only in the southern region of India and it is only confined that we just repeat that word can find through the area of nil greece in Karnataka Kerala and Tamil Nadu so you will just find coffee plants here and no other place in India and the next crop is horticulture when it comes to horticulture just remember fruits and vegetables so all the colorful different shaped solid products that we consume these are called horticulture now India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world now India produces both tropical as well as temperate fruits so we have mangoes oranges bananas lychee guava pineapple apples pears apricots walnuts so all these kinds of rich fruits are grown in India just have a look at this map you will find all the places being marked which grows the respective fruits so India also produces a lot of vegetables the important ones are pea cauliflower onion cabbage tomato brinjal and potato so with this we cover the entire horticultural crop now let's move on to the next topic non-food crops so meaning these are crops but you cannot consume them they are not edible so the first one is rubber so it is an equatorial crop meaning it is grown in all the countries that lies in the equatorial region now to grow rubber you need moist and humid climate and then you need heavy rain more than 200 centimeter so if you see moisture humidity and heavy rainfall these are all characteristics of equatorial region we all know that rubber is an important industrial raw material so the states in India that grow rubber are Kerala Tamil Nadu Karnataka and the one in Nicobar Islands then garo hills of mahalia so notice all of these places receive heavy rainfall and they are also very humid so where there is humidity moisture will be high so this was all about rubber the next one is fiber crops so fiber crops are cotton jute hemp and natural silk so these crops were traditionally been used to make paper cloth or rope and they are of two types natural and artificial so today fibers are being chemically modified to make them strong so most of the natural fiber crops are obtained from cocoons of the silkworms and silkworms feed on green leaves known as mulberry so the process of rearing silk from silkworm is known as Siddhi culture the Sira culture starts with s so remember that s also stands for silk just remember this way it will be easy and the next one is cotton now cotton is one of the main raw materials for cotton textile industry I mean this is a huge industry it's a multi-billion dollar industry so to grow cotton you need black soil so where do you find black soil in India it's found in the regions of they can plat you it requires high temperature and moderate rainfall and you cannot have frost you know you only need sunlight brights and light and it usually takes six to eight months to mature that is to harvest now the major cotton producing states are Maharashtra Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Punjab Haryana and the top age so if you see most of these states they lie in Deccan Plateau and the last type of non-food crop is jute so jute is refer to as golden fiber if you see the colour of it it is brownish and golden colour now you need a fertile soil to grow jute but here is a catch that soil needs to be renewed every and how does the soil gets renewed by continuous flow of river and where can you find such a place West Bengal Bihar Assam Orissa mahalia so if we see all these places have river that is perennial or continuous flowing so that helps in renewing the soil so jutice used to make gunny bags mats ropes yan carpets and other artifacts and these are costly they are of high cost and because of that it is losing market because we have an alternative to that it's called synthetic fiber which is also called artificial fiber and they are chemically produced and they are cheap so that brings us to the end of jute and also to the end of all types of major crops that are produced in India I hope you found this video informative I'll see you in the next one if you enjoy these videos and see a purpose behind watching them please like the video and comment down below until then catch you guys later and talk to you guys on the next one peace